Name two non-chemical pest management measures commonly used in IPM.

• A. Sanitation (cleanliness) and exclusion (physical barriers, sealing entry points).
• B. Pesticide applications and fumigation.
• C. Heat treatment and fumigation using chemicals.
• D. Genetic modification.

Answer: (A)

IPM emphasizes preventing pest problems and using methods that reduce pest pressure before or instead of relying on chemicals. Sanitation removes attractants and sources of food, water, and shelter, making the environment less inviting to pests. Exclusion creates physical barriers—such as sealing cracks, installing door sweeps and screens, and repairing entry points—that keep pests from gaining access in the first place. Together, they address pests through prevention and habitat modification, without introducing pesticides.

Pesticide applications and fumigation involve chemicals, which is why they aren’t considered non-chemical measures. Heat treatment can be a non-chemical physical method, but fumigation using chemicals clearly involves chemicals. Genetic modification is a longer-term pest management strategy but isn’t a direct non-chemical IPM practice like sanitation and exclusion.